- Branche: Culture; Government
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The Library of Congress is the U.S. oldest federal cultural institution and serves as the research arm of Congress. It is also the largest library in the world, with millions of books, recordings, photographs, maps and manuscripts in its collections.
في مصطلحات الماركسية، حكم الصراع تشنها جماهير العمال والمضطهدين تحت قيادة الحزب الشيوعي ضد المميز والقمعية، وامتلاك ممتلكات الطبقة. وحتى أواخر عام 1978، كان الصراع الطبقي الخط الرسمي "الحزب الشيوعي الصيني".
Industry:History
The 12,500-kilometer-long trek made by the Red Army in the face of the Guomindang's "annihilation campaigns. " Began in October 1934 in Jiangxi Province and ended in October 1935 in Shaanxi Province. Some 100,000 persons left the communist base area in Jiangxi but only about 28,000 arrived in Yan'an, Chinese Communist Party headquarters for the next decade. It was during the Long March that Mao Zedong gained his preeminent role in the party.
Industry:History
أقوال وكتابات ماو الذي يخدم كمصدر رئيسي للأيديولوجية الوطنية حتى وفاته في عام 1976، ومنذ ذلك الحين خضعت لإعادة تقييم الحذر ولكن حاسمة. قبل عام 1980 اتسع معنى المصطلح ليشمل الأفكار الجماعية لجميع زعماء الأحزاب الرئيسية.
Industry:History
The total value of final goods and services produced in the economy. The "estimated GNP" figures used in the text are estimates by United States government analysts of Chinese GNP according to the U. S. Definition, which includes personal consumption, gross investment, all government expenditures, and net exports. Through mid-1987, Chinese calculations of national income excluded government and personal services, passenger transportation, and depreciation investment.
Industry:History
Sayings and writings of Mao that served as a major source of national ideology until his death in 1976 and since then have undergone a cautious but critical reappraisal. By 1980 the meaning of the term had expanded to include the collective thoughts of all key party leaders.
Industry:History
In Marxist terms, the conflict waged by the masses of the workers and the oppressed under the leadership of the communist party against the privileged, oppressive, and property-owning ruling class. Until late 1978, class struggle was the official line of the Chinese Communist Party.
Industry:History
China's monetary unit, which in mid-1987 had an exchange rate of US$1 to -Y3. 72, or -Y1 to US$. 269. The yuan is divided into 100 fen, and 10 fen constitute 1 jiao. The currency is known as renminbi (RMB), meaning the people's currency. The inscription renminbi (or renminbiao) appears on bank notes as well as yuan, and the terms renminbi and yuan are used synonymously in quoting exchange rates. In transactions the terms are universally replaced by the word kuai (piece). Beginning in the early 1980s, the standard currency was paralleled by a special currency called Foreign Exchange Certificates, which were issued in exchange for "hard" foreign currencies.
Industry:History
A practice dating from the early years of the Chinese Communist Party. Denotes the reinstatement in positions of responsibility of former government and party officials and military personnel who had been accused of wrongdoing. Rehabilitations sometimes take place posthumously to clear a former leader's name and reputation.
Industry:History
Derived from the concept of "mass line". Party- directed campaign designed to mobilize the masses in support or execution of major policies. Such movements were characteristic of the 1950s through the 1970s and were controlled and coordinated by permanent mass organizations.
Industry:History
Eight political parties that have been loyal to the communist government since 1949. They are China Association for Promoting Democracy, China Democratic League, China Democratic National Construction Association, China Zhi Gong Dang (Party for Public Interest), Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party, Jiusan (September Third) Society, Guomindang Revolutionary Committee, and Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League.
Industry:History
